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本文参考了《GitHub入门与实践》这本书
一、git使用前准备
git本地仓库与github远程仓库连接时要有认证，是通过SSH的公钥进行认证的。
在用户目录下查看.ssh文件夹
如果没有这个文件夹或者文件，需要手动创建
在Program Files文件夹下找到Git/bin目录，双击sh.exe
输入以下命令，一路回车会创建.ssh文件夹和其中的密钥
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "xxxx@xx.xx"用记事本打开id_rsa.pub文件，将其中的公钥复制。
打开https://github.com，打开设置页
将前面复制的公钥粘贴到文本框中
现在就建立了本地仓库与远程仓库之前的认证。
二、github远程仓库创建
本地仓库与远程仓库的连接有三种方式：
- 初始化本地仓库，然后将本地仓库推送到远程仓库；
- 将一个已有的本地仓库推送到远程仓库；
- clone一个远程仓库到本地。
三、git基本操作
初始化：git init
新建一个文件夹gitdemo并初始化
$ cd g:
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g
$ mkdir gitdemo
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g (master)
$ cd gitdemo
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in G:/gitdemo/.git/
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$初始化会在当前文件夹下创建一个.git的文件夹，此文件夹存储着管理当前目录内容所需的仓库数据。
查看本地仓库状态： git status
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git status
On branch master //当前在master分支
No commits yet //没有过提交记录
nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track) //暂存区没有要提交的文件在当前文件夹下创建一个文件后再次查看仓库状态
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet //没有过提交记录
Untracked files: //存在一个没有被git跟踪的文件
(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
test.txt
//没有需要提交的，但是存在没有被git跟踪的文件
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)将文件添加到暂存区：git add 文件名/git add .
git add .代表的是添加所有的文件到暂存区
上面创建的test.txt文件，由于没有git操作因此是不会被git跟踪的，git向仓库中添加要先将工作区文件添加到暂存区后才能提交到仓库。
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git add test.txt //将文件添加到暂存区
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
Changes to be committed: //暂存区中没有提交的文件
(use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
new file: test.txt当test.txt文件内容更改时，再次查看状态
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
Changes to be committed: //暂存区中存在没有被提交的文件
(use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
new file: test.txt
Changes not staged for commit: //文件改变了但是没有添加到暂存区
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: test.txt
提交暂存区文件到本地仓库：git commit -m "description"
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git commit -m "first" //提交暂存区文件
[master (root-commit) dc1a2af] first
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 test.txt
========text.txt文件改变了===========
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit: //以下文件存在改动但是没有提交暂存区
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: test.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
=================添加改动的文件到暂存区后再提交========================
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git add .
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git commit -m "second"
g[master 3e6b279] second
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean查看提交日志：git log /git log --pretty=short /git log test.txt /git log -p /git log -p test.txt
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git log
commit 3e6b279f80f8496bcc7ffff73ab3d6e9727aeed3 (HEAD -> master)
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 11:31:35 2021 +0800
second
commit dc1a2afcb88674bd7ff34afe5d5ef9d93d2253b4
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 11:27:10 2021 +0800
first
=================显示信息简写===============
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git log --pretty=short
commit 3e6b279f80f8496bcc7ffff73ab3d6e9727aeed3 (HEAD -> master)
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
second
commit dc1a2afcb88674bd7ff34afe5d5ef9d93d2253b4
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
first
==============查看指定文件的提交日志=============
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git log test.txt
commit 3e6b279f80f8496bcc7ffff73ab3d6e9727aeed3 (HEAD -> master)
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 11:31:35 2021 +0800
second
commit dc1a2afcb88674bd7ff34afe5d5ef9d93d2253b4
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 11:27:10 2021 +0800
first
==============查看文件的详细改动-p=============
$ git log -p //或者git log -p test.txt
commit 3e6b279f80f8496bcc7ffff73ab3d6e9727aeed3 (HEAD -> master)
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 11:31:35 2021 +0800
second
diff --git a/test.txt b/test.txt
index e4a7dd9..f6ce845 100644
--- a/test.txt
+++ b/test.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-aaaaa //改动之前内容
\ No newline at end of file
+aaaaabb //此处能看到内容变化
\ No newline at end of file
commit dc1a2afcb88674bd7ff34afe5d5ef9d93d2253b4
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 11:27:10 2021 +0800
first
diff --git a/test.txt b/test.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4a7dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+aaaaa //此处能看到内容变化
\ No newline at end of file查看操作日志：git reflog
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git reflog
d76d79a (HEAD -> master, A) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to d76d79a
d76d79a (HEAD -> master, A) HEAD@{1}: reset: moving to d76d79a
31a3585 HEAD@{2}: reset: moving to 31a3585
d76d79a (HEAD -> master, A) HEAD@{3}: merge A: Fast-forward
31a3585 HEAD@{4}: checkout: moving from A to master
d76d79a (HEAD -> master, A) HEAD@{5}: commit: a1
31a3585 HEAD@{6}: checkout: moving from master to A
31a3585 HEAD@{7}: commit (initial): m1查看工作区和暂存区差异：git diff
//先修改test.txt文件内容
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git diff
diff --git a/test.txt b/test.txt
index f6ce845..4e7ce06 100644
--- a/test.txt
+++ b/test.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-aaaaabb
\ No newline at end of file
+aaaaabbccc //文件内容改变之后的内容
\ No newline at end of file
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git add . //添加到暂存区后，diff就没有差异了因此不会显示内容
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git diff查看工作区与最新提交差异：git diff HEAD
//先修改test.txt文件内容
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git diff //工作区与暂存区差异
diff --git a/test.txt b/test.txt
index 4e7ce06..9f67a57 100644
--- a/test.txt
+++ b/test.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-aaaaabbccc
\ No newline at end of file
+aaaaabbcccd
\ No newline at end of file
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git add .
//添加到暂存区后无差异
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git diff
//工作区与最新提交的差异，HEAD指向最新提交的记录
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git diff HEAD
diff --git a/test.txt b/test.txt
index 4e7ce06..9f67a57 100644
--- a/test.txt
+++ b/test.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-aaaaabbccc
\ No newline at end of file
+aaaaabbcccd
\ No newline at end of file四、分支操作
git默认分支为master，以此基础上创建不同的分支，由不可的开发人员进行修改，然后再进行合并到master分支。分支有利于版本控制和团队协作。
查看分支列表：git branch
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git branch
* master //分支名前带有*号表示当前所在的分支分支的创建与切换
- 分支创建git branch XX
- 分支切换git checkout XX
- 分支创建并切换git checkout -b XX
- 切换上一个分支git checkout -
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git branch A //1创建分支A
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git branch //分支列表，当前分支还是在主分支上
A
* master
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git checkout A //2切换当前分支为A
Switched to branch 'A'
M test.txt
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (A)
$ git branch //分支列表显示当前分支为A
* A
master
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (A)
$ git checkout master //切换到主分支上
Switched to branch 'master'
M test.txt
====================
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git checkout -b B //创建分支B并切换到B
Switched to a new branch 'B'
M test.txt
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (B)
$ git branch //分支列表显示当前为B分支
A
* B
master
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (B)
$ git checkout - //切换上一个分支master
Switched to branch 'master'
M test.txt番外：
- git checkout master^ 使HEAD指向当前的上一记录。
- git checkout master~1 等同上行。
- git checkout master~n 使HEAD指向当前的上n条记录处。
分支的删除：git branch -D fname
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git branch -D B
Deleted branch B (was 670ec48).
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git branch
* mastergit branch -f bugFix master 强制bugFix分支指向master
分支的合并：git merge fname
//先要切换到合并后的分支
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (A)
$ git branch master
fatal: A branch named 'master' already exists.
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (A)
$ git merge A
Already up to date.图形查看日志：git log --graph
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git log --graph
* commit d76d79a34d1153c619297dd8fc3013c00cc8f9e8 (HEAD -> master, A)
| Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
| Date: Wed Jan 6 15:20:27 2021 +0800
|
| a1
|
* commit 31a3585df1ebb5b744689ba1b7530c525c4c4271
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 15:19:25 2021 +0800
m1五、更改提交的操作
回溯历史版本：git reset
//查看操作日志
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git reflog
d76d79a (HEAD -> master, A) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to d76d79a
d76d79a (HEAD -> master, A) HEAD@{1}: reset: moving to d76d79a
31a3585 HEAD@{2}: reset: moving to 31a3585
d76d79a (HEAD -> master, A) HEAD@{3}: merge A: Fast-forward
31a3585 HEAD@{4}: checkout: moving from A to master
d76d79a (HEAD -> master, A) HEAD@{5}: commit: a1
31a3585 HEAD@{6}: checkout: moving from master to A
31a3585 HEAD@{7}: commit (initial): m1
//回溯到A分支创建之前
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git reset --hard 31a3585
HEAD is now at 31a3585 m1
//创建B分支
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git checkout -b B
Switched to a new branch 'B'
//修改文件内容并提交
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (B)
$ git add .
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (B)
$ git commit -m "b1"
[B 69eb4b2] b1
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (B)
$ git reflog
69eb4b2 (HEAD -> B) HEAD@{0}: commit: b1 //提交B分支的修改
31a3585 (master) HEAD@{1}: checkout: moving from master to B //创建B分支并切换
31a3585 (master) HEAD@{2}: reset: moving to 31a3585 //回溯到A分支之前
d76d79a (A) HEAD@{3}: reset: moving to d76d79a
d76d79a (A) HEAD@{4}: reset: moving to d76d79a
31a3585 (master) HEAD@{5}: reset: moving to 31a3585
d76d79a (A) HEAD@{6}: merge A: Fast-forward
31a3585 (master) HEAD@{7}: checkout: moving from A to master
d76d79a (A) HEAD@{8}: commit: a1
31a3585 (master) HEAD@{9}: checkout: moving from master to A
31a3585 (master) HEAD@{10}: commit (initial): m1
//推进到分支A合并到master位置
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git reset --hard d76d79a
HEAD is now at d76d79a a1冲突消除
//前面已经合并了A分支，现在合并B分支，会发现更改部分冲突
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git merge B
Auto-merging test.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in test.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master|MERGING)
$将test文件修改为想要提交的内容，然后add和commit即可
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master|MERGING)
$ git add .
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master|MERGING)
$ git commit -m "消除冲突"
[master 1759d05] 消除冲突
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git log
commit 1759d05a5dc0d1eaf402fae97f21aa3c014e31d5 (HEAD -> master)
Merge: d76d79a 69eb4b2
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 16:14:38 2021 +0800
消除冲突
commit 69eb4b22a38b70a3d054534fdfce8a24fba1a15d (B)
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 15:33:42 2021 +0800
b1
commit d76d79a34d1153c619297dd8fc3013c00cc8f9e8 (A)
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 15:20:27 2021 +0800
a1
commit 31a3585df1ebb5b744689ba1b7530c525c4c4271
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 15:19:25 2021 +0800
m1修改commit信息:git commit --amend
将上面的commit信息“消除冲突”修改为“merge-B"
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git commit --amend
[master f4d38a7] merge-B
Date: Wed Jan 6 16:14:38 2021 +0800这时会打开编程器
按i键或者Insert键进行编程模式
按ESC键进入命令模式，输入 :wq保存或者:q!不保存退出，查看reflog日志
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git reflog
f4d38a7 HEAD@{0}: commit (amend): merge-B //已经修改了
1759d05 HEAD@{1}: commit (merge): 消除冲突
d76d79a (A) HEAD@{3}: checkout: moving from A to master压缩记录：git rebase -i
git rebase 分支名：将当前分支的记录合并到其他分支中，使记录成线性化。
当我们在合并分支之前发现有拼写错误，这时我们再次提交会出现新的记录，但是拼写错误这条记录我们不希望出现在历史记录中，我们需要将这条记录和前一记录合并。
创建分支C，将test内容改为masterCc，其中c小写是错误的，我们要求大写，不过之前没有发现，现在已经提交了一次，如果修改后再提交就会有两条记录。
//git commit -am add与commit的合写
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (C)
$ git commit -am "c1"
[C 5b8616b] c1
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
====修正错误====
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (C)
$ git commit -am "修改拼写错误"
[C d6d54d6] 修改拼写错误
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
//现在可以看到有两条记录，我们现在只需要保留c1这条记录，因此需要将记录压缩在一块
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (C)
$ git log
commit d6d54d60acededdc2994d9e245942afc1f464655 (HEAD -> C)
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 16:42:27 2021 +0800
修改拼写错误
commit 5b8616b2f04ffe0473859862efc7f167b3e26835
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 16:34:17 2021 +0800
c1//压缩最新的两条记录，会打开编程器，~2表示合并最新的两条记录
$ git rebase -i HEAD~2删除第二行，:wq保存并退出
//现在看就没有那个修改拼写错误的记录了
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (C)
$ git log
commit a2f721c9f2c215bf245aa842128bc5094d2c0042 (HEAD -> C)
Author: Administrator <woodlum@vip.qq.com>
Date: Wed Jan 6 17:02:06 2021 +0800
c1六、向远程仓库GitHub推送
前面我们在github上已经建立了一个同名的gitdemo远程仓库，本地仓库与远程仓库名称尽量保持一致。
添加远程仓库：git remote add 标识符 远程仓库地址
此命令相当于给远程仓库设置一个别名（标识符），以后的操作直接在这个别名上操作。
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git remote add origin git@github.com:woodlum2017/gitdemo.git将本地仓库中的内容推送到远程仓库：git push -u 标识符 远程分支名
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git push -u origin master
Enumerating objects: 18, done.
Counting objects: 100% (18/18), done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Writing objects: 100% (18/18), 1.26 KiB | 215.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 18 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), done.
To github.com:woodlum2017/gitdemo.git
* [new branch] master -> master
Branch 'master' set up to track remote branch 'master' from 'origin'.-u参数：在推送的同时，将origin仓库的master分支设置为本地仓库当前分支的upstream（上游）当前分支与远程分支建立了对应关系，同时如果远程仓库没有master分支同时会创建。
a.在本地master分支中运行git pull命令从远程仓库的master分支获取内容；
b.在本地master分支中支行git push直接推送。
如果在其他分支中操作会产生错误，需要手动指定pull和push的仓库和分支。
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git pull
Already up to date.
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git push
Everything up-to-date
==============手动推送=================
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (master)
$ git checkout B
Switched to branch 'B'
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo (B)
$ git push origin B
Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote:
remote: Create a pull request for 'B' on GitHub by visiting:
remote: https://github.com/woodlum2017/gitdemo/pull/new/B
remote:
To github.com:woodlum2017/gitde七、从远程仓库GitHub中获取
获取远程仓库：git clone 远程仓库地址
执行git clone命令后我们会默认处于master分支下，同时系统会自动将origin设置成该远程仓库的标识符。
git branch -a //-a会显示本地和远程仓库的信息
新建一个文件夹gitdemo2
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo2 (master)
$ git clone git@github.com:woodlum2017/gitdemo.git
Cloning into 'gitdemo'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 21, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (21/21), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (7/7), done.
remote: Total 21 (delta 1), reused 18 (delta 1), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (21/21), done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), done.
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo2 (master)
$ cd gitdemo
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo2/gitdemo (master)
$ git branch -a //-a会显示本地和远程仓库的信息
* master
remotes/origin/B
remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master
remotes/origin/master获取远程仓库中的其他分支
git checkout -b B origin/B
创建一个新的本地分支B并切换，并获取远程仓库中的B分支数据
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo2/gitdemo (master)
$ git checkout -b B origin/B
Switched to a new branch 'B'
Branch 'B' set up to track remote branch 'B' from 'origin'.
======修改数据后提交并推送=====
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo2/gitdemo (B)
$ git commit -am "D1"
[B 7c90c0d] D1
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo2/gitdemo (B)
$ git push
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 250 bytes | 250.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:woodlum2017/gitdemo.git
ff94ca5..7c90c0d B -> B获取最新的远程分支git pull
假设当前分支为B，而远程上最新的分支是master，我们需要分支B中的数据是最新的。
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo2/gitdemo (master)
$ git checkout B
Switched to branch 'B'
Administrator@User-14 MINGW64 /g/gitdemo2/gitdemo (B)
$ git pull origin master
From github.com:woodlum2017/gitdemo
* branch master -> FETCH_HEAD
Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
test.txt | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)关于多人协作，多人在同一个分支中操作，commit后push给远程仓库分支，如果多个人对同一个文件修改在push时会提示冲突，因此我们需要更加频繁的pull/push操作。
尽量不要多人修改同一个文件，每次分支修改前先pull仓库中的数据，修改后再push推送。
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